REPORTED SPEECH

47.REPORTED SPEECH - Discurso
direto e indireto



Há duas formas de se relatar o que alguém disse:





a) Pelo discurso direto (direct
speech): quando repetimos o que foi dito usando as mesmas palavras da pessoa.



Ex.:



He said:”I fell well”.



He said:“I’m so confused!!”







• vem
entre aspas



• narrador repete exatamente
as palavras de quem falou





b) Pelo discurso indireto
(indirect speech): quando contamos com nossas próprias palavras o que foi dito.



Ex.:



He said that he felt well.



He said that he was confused







• sem as aspas



• narrador usa as próprias
palavras, mas o significado da mensagem permanece o mesmo



• o tempo verbal muda



• há também mudanças em
outros componentes da sentença





São dois os
verbos mais
comuns que
introduzem o discurso indireto (reporting verbs / verbos introdutórios), say e tell.



Observe como suas estruturas são diferentes:

Discurso indireto:



He told the teacher (that) the test was very
demanding.



He told her he was feeling worn out.



He said he had been under pressure.





NOTE:



Se você disser com quem você está falando, use tell. Caso contrário, use say.



Se você quiser mencionar com quem
está falando e estiver usando o verbo say, deverá acrescentar to.



Ex:

He said to Ana



He said to me



He said to them



He said to the boss





Ao relatar o que alguém disse, no discurso indireto, há também mudanças em outros componentes da sentença, tais como o tempo verbal, o advérbio e, às vezes, o pronome.





Veja as mudanças mais freqüentes:







Discurso Direto: She
said: “I live in San Francisco.” Simple present



Discurso Indireto: She said (that) she lived in San Francisco. Simple Past





Discurso Direto: He said :“She works with
me”. Simple present



Discurso Indireto:He
said (that) she worked with him. Simple past





Discurso Direto: She said: “I moved here
in September.” Simple Past



Discurso Indireto: She said (that) she had moved there in September. Past Perfect





Discurso Direto: She said: “I’m living in
the dorms.” Present Continuous



Discurso Indireto: She
said (that) she was living in the dorms. Past Continuous





Discurso Direto: He said: “She is working with
me”. Present Continuous



Discurso Indireto: He said (that) she was working with him. Past Continuous





Discurso Direto: She said: “I’ve just started school.”Present Perfect



Discurso Indireto: She
said (that) she had just started school. Past Perfect





Discurso Direto: She said:“I’ve been feeling homesick.” Present Perfect Continuous



Discurso Indireto: She said (that) she had been feeling homesick. Past Perfect Continuous







Discurso Direto: She said:“I’ll stay here
for about four weeks.” Simple Future



Discurso Indireto: She said (that) she would stay there for about four
weeks. Conditional











Modals

Discurso Direto: She said:“I may be able
to graduate in three and a half years.”



Discurso Indireto:She
said (that) she might be able to graduate in
three and a half years.







Discurso Direto: She said:“I have to try
and do my best always.”



Discurso Indireto: She said (that) she had to try and do her best always.







Discurso Direto: She
said: “I must call home as often as I can.”



Discurso Indireto: She said (that) she had to call home as often as she could.







Discurso Direto: She said:“I ought to take some
extra-curricular courses.”



Discurso Indireto: She said (that) she ought to take some extra-curricular
courses.







Discurso Direto: She said, “I should purchase a
second-hand computer.”



Discurso Indireto: She said (that) she should purchase a
second-hand computer.





(THAT) – pode ser omitido



NOTE:



1. Se o verbo introdutório do que está sendo relatado
estiver no
presente, não há mudança no tempo verbal.



Ex:

The weatherman says:“There
will be some scattered showers in the afternoon.”



The weatherman says there will be some scattered showers in
the afternoon.





2.Há outras situações em que a mudança no tempo verbal é opcional.





a. Quando relatamos algo que acabou de
ser dito:



Ex:

Mary: I’m
freaking out.



carl: What did you say?



Mary: I said I’m freaking out
.











b. Quando relatamos algo que ainda é
verdadeiro.



Ex:

The manager said the paycheck is in the mail.



ou



The manager said the paycheck was in
the mail.









c. Quando relatamos uma verdade
universal ou lei científica.



ex:

Teacher told his students that water boils at 100o Celsius.



ou



Teacher told his students that water boiled at 100o Celsius.





Modificações que devem ser feitas do discurso direto para o indireto são nas seguintes palavras(expressões de tempo):





Discurso direto - Discurso indireto



now ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––› then



here ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––› there



today –––––––––––––––––––––––––––› that day, yesterday



tonight ––––––––––––––––––––––––––› that night



yesterday ––––––––––––––––––––––––› the day before



tomorrow ––––––––––––––––––––––––› the next / following day



this week / month / year ––––––––––––› that week / month / year



Last nigth -------------------------- the nigth before



last week / month / year ––––––––––––› the previous week / month / year



next week / month / year –––––––––––› the following week / month / year



a year ago –––––––––––––––––––––––› the year before





I –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––› he / she



we –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––› they



me –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––› him / her



my –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––› his / her



this –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––› that



these –––––––––––––––––––––––––––› those



This, these ----------------------It, them (quando pronomes)





Uso do infinitivo

Quando se relata um ordem, instrução, sugestão ou pedido usamos o infinitivo.



Ex.:

Direct Speech: He said: “Close the
door”.



Reported Speech: He told me to
close the door.





Direct Speech: He said: “Don’t close the
door”.



Reported Speech: He told me not
to close the door.





Direct Speech: He
said, "Don't listen to
music in class."



Reported Speech: He told the students not
to listen to music in class.





Direct Speech: He
said"Open your
books to page 20".



Reported Speech: He asked them to
open their books to page 20.





Direct Speech: He
said "Can you please stop talking?"



Reported Speech: He invited/advised them to stop talking.







Direct Speech: He
said "Why don't you sit closer to the board?"



Reported Speech: He invited/advised them to sit closer to the board.



NOTE:



a) Se a ordem ou pedido for para não
fazer algo,
observe que a
negativa é feita colocando-se not antes do infinitivo.

b) Quando se relata uma pergunta, coloca-se a frase na forma
afirmativa fazendo as
devidas transformações.

Ex.:



She said: Where is Bill?.



She asked where Bill was.







He said: “Is Mary here?”



He asked if Mary was there.





Should, Could, Must, Might e Would não mudam de forma.



Ex.:



She said: “I could go”.



She said that she could go.











Reporting
Verbs (Verbos Introdutórios)



Existem outros
verbos além de say e tell para introduzir o discurso indireto.





1. Alguns seguem a estrutura do verbo say, ou seja, não é necessário mencionar
com quem se está falando. Se você
quiser, deverá acrescentar to.



Ex.:



I explained (to John) that it was OK





2. Outros seguem a estrutura do verbo tell, ou seja, menciona-se com quem se está
falando conforme a estrutura.



Ex.:

He reminded me that I had an
appoitment at three.



3. Em frases que apresentam sugestões:



a) o verbo
que introduz o discurso indireto é to suggest

b) A forma let’s é alterada para we shoud.

Ex.:

He said: “Let’s take
her to the park”.

He suggested (that) we should take her to the park.



Reporting Questions

Ex:

Discurso Direto: She asked:"Has the school bus come
yet?"

Discurso Indireto: She asked him if /
whether the school bus had come.



WH - Questions

Ex:

Discurso Direto: He asked, "Why don't you open your eyes and see for yourself?"

Discurso Indireto:He asked her why she didn't open her eyes and see for herself.



NOTES:

1. Podemos notar que quando relatamos perguntas, em geral, o verbo que introduz o reported
speech é ask.



2. Yes / No Question -

Quando a pergunta
é iniciada com um auxiliar (pergunta
cuja resposta será yes ou no), use if / whether.



3. Relatando perguntas, use a ordem de uma sentença
afirmativa., e não ordem de pergunta!

Ex:

Direct question: He asked, “Does Lucy take the school bus?”

Indirect question: He asked if Lucy took the
school bus.